observatories
[‘Kubilai Khan established in Peking two astronomical boards and two
observatories. One of them was a Chinese Observatory (_sze t”ien t”ai_),
the other a Mohammedan Observatory (_hui hui sze t”ien t”ai_), each with
its particular astronomical and chronological systems, its particular
astrology and instruments. The first astronomical and calendar system was
compiled for the Mongols by Ye-liu Ch”u-ts”ai, who was in Chingis Khan”s
service, not only as a high counsellor, but also as an astronomer and
astrologer. After having been convinced of the obsoleteness and
incorrectness of the astronomical calculations in the _Ta ming li_ (the
name of the calendar system of the Kin Dynasty), he thought out at the
time he was at Samarcand a new system, valid not only for China, but also
for the countries conquered by the Mongols in Western Asia, and named it
in memory of Chingis Khan”s expedition _Si ching keng wu yan li_, i.e.,
“Astronomical Calendar beginning with the year _Keng wu_, compiled during
the war in the west.” Keng-wu was the year 1210 of our era.
Ye-liu Ch”u-ts”ai chose this year, and the moment of the winter solstice,
for the beginning of his period; because, according to his calculations, it
coincided with the beginning of a new astronomical or planetary period. He
took also into consideration, that since the year 1211 Chingis Khan”s glory
had spread over the whole world. Ye-liu Ch”u-ts”ai”s calendar was not
adopted in China, but the system of it is explained in the _Yuen-shi_, in
the section on Astronomy and the Calendar.
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